Motivational Factors in Science Learning, Learner’s Satisfaction and Learning Outcomes of Pre-Service Teachers

Kayla B. Capunitan, Jhoana D. Lirado, & Clarissa F. Gregana*
College of Teacher Education, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Philippines
DOI – http://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2023.6504

Abstract

Motivation is a significant factor of academic success to actively engage the students in a more meaningful discussion. And the big challenge here is getting the students motivated enough to cope with the new system, learn, and succeed on their own which is critical to their academic performance and overall success.  This study aimed to measure and analyze if there is significant relationship between the motivational factors as perceived by the science students and their academic performance. Likewise, association between the motivational factors and learners’ satisfaction is also measured. The study is a descriptive-correlational in nature and employ in sixty-five (65) science students of Laguna State Polytechnique University. Survey questionnaire is adapted in Science Motivational Questionnaire (SMQ-II) and a researcher-made questionnaire are administered to gather data that are needed and crucial for this study. The study found out that there is no significant relationship between the motivational factors and academic performance of the students. Notably, there is enough evidence that supported the claim that motivational factors are significantly correlated with the satisfaction of the students towards learning components. However, it appears that the assessment in anxiety as motivational factors has no significant relation with any of the learning components. Likewise, the component learning environment, is also not associated with any motivational factors.

Keywords: Motivational Factors, Science Learning, Satisfaction, Learning Outcomes.

References

  • Abubakar, A. A. (2015). Effect of Instructional Video on Academic Performance inSocial Studies Students in Secondary School in Kastina State, Nigeria. Unpublished M.ED Dissertation. Department of Educational Foundations and Curriculum, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello Universi.
  • Achimugu, L. (2014). Strategies for Effective Conduct of Practical Chemistry works in Senior Secondary Schools in Nigeria. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 126-136.
  • Adamma, O. P. (2018). Influence of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation on Pupils Academic. SJME (Supremum Journal of Mathematics Education), 52-59.
  • Akshaya S, J. N. (2021, January). Test Anxiety Among College Students. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 9(1), 3411-3419.
  • Aldhahi, M. A. (2022). Exploring the relationship between students’ learning satisfaction and self-efficacy during the emergency transition to remote learning amid the coronavirus pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Educ Inf. Educ Inf Technol 27, 1323–1340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10644-7
  • Aliazas, J. V., Panoy, J. F., Del Rosario, A. L., & Madrideo, J. (2021). Critical Success Factors of the Flexible Learning Delivery as Organizational Innovation of One State University in the Philippines. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 2(3), 61-77.
  • Allery, L. (2009). Teach practical skills. Principles of skills teaching, 58-60.
  • Andal, E. P. (2020). Exploring the Online Learning Self-Efficacy of Teacher education Students at The Laguna State Polytechnic University: Basis for Transition to Flexible Learning System. Universal Journal of Education Research, 8(12).
  • Arlen Moller, P. (2019, February 11). Intrinsc Motivation. Retrieved January 30, 2022, from STD: https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/application-intrinsic-motivation/
  • Art Costa, B. K. (2022). Self-Discovery: Students Discover Growth Over Time. Retrieved from Learning Personalized: https://www.learningpersonalized.com/self-discovery-students-discover-growth-over-time/
  • Bacha, Z. (2020, October 22). Digital Literacy: Why it is vital for Workers. Retrieved from Digital Literacy Skills: https://strammer.com/en/why-digital-literacy-is-vital-for-workers/
  • Bailey, D. (2021). Finding satisfaction: intrinsic motivation for synchronous and asynchronous communication in the online language learning context. Educ Inf Technol, 2563–2583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10369-z
  • Bailey, D. A. ( 2021, November 5). Finding satisfaction: intrinsic motivation for synchronous and asynchronous communication in the online language learning context. Educ Inf Technol, 2563–2583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10369-z
  • Bailey, D. A. (2021, November 5). Finding satisfaction: intrinsic motivation for synchronous and asynchronous communication in the online language learning context. Educ Inf Technol, 2563–2583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10369-z
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York : Henry Holt & Co.
  • Beachboard, C. ( 2020, April 3). Retrieved from Eutopia: https://www.edutopia.org/article/help-students-build-intrinsic-motivation
  • Beachboard, C. (2020, April 3). Retrieved from Eutopia: https://www.edutopia.org/article/help-students-build-intrinsic-motivation
  • Bharati, M. (2021, May 26). The relevance of social intelligence in the workplace. Retrieved from In Diverse Company: https://indiversecompany.com/the-relevance-of-social-intelligence-in-the-workplace/#:~:text=To%20sum%20it%20up%2C%20social,optimal%20and%20productive%20work%20environment.
  • Briggs, S. (2014, October 4). How To Make Learning Relevant To Your Students (And Why It’s Crucial To Their Success). Retrieved from InformED: https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/how-to-make-learning-relevant/
  • Buenvinida, M. T. (2020). Senior High School Teachers’ Readiness In Implementing 21st Century Learning: An Input To School Improvement Plan. Advances In Social Sciences Research Journa, 42-51.
  • H., C. Y. (2017). Students’Motivation towards Science Learning and Students’ Science Achievement. International Journal of Academic Reserach in Progressive Education and Development, 174-189.
  • Careers in Science. (n.d.). Retrieved from University of Melbourne: https://science.unimelb.edu.au/students/careers/careers-in-science
  • Casner-Lotto, J. &. (2006). Are They Really Ready to Work? Employers’ Perspectives on the Basic Knowledge and Applied Skills of New Entrants to the 21st Century US Workforce. Washington, DC: Partnership for 21st Century Skills.
  • Cavas, P. (2011). Factor Affecting the motivation of Turkish Primary School for Science Learning. Science Education International, 31-42.
  • Cherry, K. (2019, september 17). Differences of extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation. Retrieved january 15, 2022, from verywellmind: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-intrinsic-motivation-2795385
  • Cherry, K. (2020, May 25). Utilizing Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace. Retrieved from VeryWell Mind: https://www.verywellmind.com/utilizing-emotional-intelligence-in-the-workplace-4164713
  • Christiana, I. (2009). Influence of Motivation in Student’s Academic Performace. Social Science, 30-36.
  • Chuter, C. (2020). The Role of motivation in Learning. Retrieved january 2022, from The Education Hub: https:// theeducationhub.org.nz/motivation/
  • College, M. (2022, January 22). 5 Curriculum Trends to Enhance Student Learning Experiences. Retrieved from Mississippi College: https://online.mc.edu/degrees/education/med/curriculum-instruction/curriculum-trends-to-enhance-learning/
  • College, M. (2022, January 25). 5 Curriculum Trends to Enhance Student Learning Experiences. Retrieved from Mississippi College: https://online.mc.edu/degrees/education/med/curriculum-instruction/curriculum-trends-to-enhance-learning/
  • Coskun, Y. (2018). A Study on Metacognitive Thinking Skills of University Students. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 38-39.
  • Creed, P. A. (2015). Working while studying at university: The relationship between work benefits and demands and engagement and well-being. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-57465-007
  • Cuaresma, L. (2014). Science Curriculum Related Variables and Academic Performance of Fourth Year.Master’s Thesis. Laguna State Polytechnic University, San Pablo City Laguna Students of Los Banos Laguna.
  • Darolia, R. (2014). Working (and studying) day and night: Heterogeneous effects of working on the academic performance of full-time and part-time students. Retrieved from https://econpapers. repec.org/article/ eeeecoedu/v_3a38_3ay_ 3a2014_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a38
  • Dawood, E. H. (2016). Relationship between Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement among Undergraduate Nursing Students. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(2)(2222-288X), 57-65.
  • Deci L., R. M. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational PsychologyContemporary Educational Psychology.
  • Deci, E. L. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory In R. M. Ryan (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of human motivation, 85–107.
  • Deci, E. L. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory In R. M. Ryan (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of human motivation, 85–107.
  • Deci, L. R. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational PsychologyContemporary Educational Psychology.
  • Delgado, A. T. (2021). Analysis on the Lack of Motivation and Dropout in Engineering Students in Spain. IEEE Access, 9, 66253-66265.
  • Development, O. f.-o. ( 2019). OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project background. 2-14.
  • Dimitropoulou, A. (2021, October 7). Why Digital Literacy is Vital in Modern Workforces? Retrieved from CeoWorld Magazine: https://ceoworld.biz/2021/10/07/why-digital-literacy-is-vital-in-modern-workforces/
  • Do grades motivate students? (2017). Retrieved from NUWG: https://nuwritersguild.wordpress.com/2017/02/20/do-grades-motivate-students/#:~:text=Grades%20are%20the%20most%20common,the%20better%20the%20results%20are.
  • Dodeen H. M., A. F. (2014). Test- taking skills of secondary students: the relationship with motivation,attitudes, anxiety and attitudes towards tests. South African Journal of Education, 34 (2).
  • Dogomeo, J., & Aliazas, J. V. (2022). Dual Coding Cognition in Devising Infographics for an Enhanced Students’ Scientific Knowledge. International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, 2(4), 1-17.
  • Doménech-Betoret F, A.-R. L.-A. (2017 , July 18). Self-Efficacy, Satisfaction, and Academic Achievement: The Mediator Role of Students’ Expectancy-Value Beliefs. Front Psychol. . doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01193
  • Douglas, S. D. (2017). Course Convenience, Percieve Learning, and Course Satisfaction across Course Format. Journal of Business Education and Scholarship of Teaching, 11 (1), 69-84.
  • Isa, S. G. (2020). THE IMPACT OF TEACHING METHODS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA. International Journal of Development Research, 37382-37385.
  • Duverge, G. (2015, December 31). The Manager’s Guide to Fostering Creativity in the Workplace. Retrieved from TOURO University Worldwide: https://www.tuw.edu/business/creativity-in-the-workplace/
  • R., B. (2010). Quantitative Research and Analysis: Quantitative Methods Overview. Research Guide.
  • Ecoben, M. (2019). Readiness of Public School Teachers in Handling Inclusive Education. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1-2.
  • Ellis, T. J. (n.d). ilding the better asynchronous computer mediated communication system for use in distributed education. Proceedings of the 35th Frontiers in Education Conference, (pp. T3E15- T3E20). Piscataway, NJ.
  • Endot, R. J. (2021). Teacher Readiness in Implementing the Teaching ofDesign and Technology and Its Relationship with Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation. 111-115.
  • Engaging students in learning. (n.d). Retrieved from University of Washington: https://teaching.washington.edu/topics/engaging-students-in-learning/
  • Erlano-De Torres, J. (2021). Assessment on LSPU-SPCC Students’ Readiness towards M-Learning. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 1-19.
  • ESEN-AYGUN, H. (2017). Teachers’ Views of Social-Emotional Skills and Their Perspectives, 206-206.
  • Fideli, H., & Aliazas, J. V. (2022). Enhancing Collaboration and Creative Thinking Skills through Technology Preparedness in a Mixed Learning Environment. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 2(4), 43-60.
  • Flexibility & Convenience: Benefits of Online Education. (2016, December 12). Retrieved February 2, 2022, from Career Step: https://www.careerstep.com/blog/referrals/flexibility-convenience-benefits-of-online-education/
  • Frenzel, A. (2021). Teacher emotions in the classroom and their implications for students. Taylor & Francis Online, 250-252.
  • Furnham, A. (2012). Money as a motivator. In: The Talented Manager, 152-154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230369764_41
  • Gabrys, T. A. (2018, November 19). Cognitive Control and Flexibility in the Context of Stress and Depressive Symptoms: The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire. Retrieved from Frontiers of Psychology: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219/full#B15
  • Gagné, R. M. (1965). The Condition Of Learning. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
  • gang, R. (2018, June 4). What Makes Good Learning Environmen. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from Racoon gang: https://raccoongang.com/blog/what-makes-good-learning-environment/06/04/2018
  • Gbollie, C. K. (2017). “Student Academic Performance: The Role of Motivation, Strategies, and Percieved Factors Hindering Liberian Junior and Senior High School Students Learning. Education Research International, 11.
  • Geelan, D. (2020). Physical Science Teacher Skills in a Conceptual Explanation, 9-11.
  • Gerli Silm, K. T. (2017). Teachers’ Readiness to Use Inquiry-based Learning: An Investigation of Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy and Attitudes toward Inquiry-based Learning. Science Education International, 316.
  • Gilavand, A. (2015). Investigating the Impact of Environmental Factors on Learning and Academic Achievement of Elementary Students: Review. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 360-369.
  • (2021, June 19). Teaching Skills: Definition and Examples. Retrieved from Glassdoor: https://www.glassdoor.com/blog/guide/teaching-skills/
  • Glynn, S. M. (2011). Science Motivation Questionnaire II: Validation with science majors and nonscience majors. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1159-1176.
  • Goksun, A. A. (2017). The Relationship Between Pre-Service Teachers’ Use of 21st Century Learner Skills and 21st Century Teacher Skills. Education and Science, 118.
  • Gopal, R. S. (2021). mpact of online classes on the satisfaction and performance of students during the pandemic period of COVID 19. Inf. Technol, 1–25. doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10523-1
  • Grush, M. (2020, March 9). Don’t Miss Computational Thinking in Your Digital Literacy Program. Retrieved from Campus Technology: https://campustechnology.com/articles/2020/03/09/dont-miss-computational-thinking-in-your-digital-literacy-program.aspx
  • Guimba, G. (2021). Pre-Service Teachers’ Perception on the Viability of the Proposed Teacher Education Curriculum in Islamic Studies. In D. P. Dr. Wardah D. Guimba. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development.
  • Hayes, A. (2022, March 12). T-Test. Retrieved from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/t-test.asp
  • Heap, T. (2017, June 5). 5 BENEFITS OF STUDYING ONLINE (VS. FACE-TO-FACE CLASSROOM. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from Illinois Online: https://online.illinois.edu/articles/online-learning/item/2017/06/05/5-benefits-of-studying-online-(vs.-face-to-face-classroom)
  • Henderson, T. (2017, May 8). Why Innovation Is Crucial To Your Organization’s Long-Term Success. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2017/05/08/why-innovation-is-crucial-to-your-organizations-long-term-success/?sh=46173efb3098
  • Hendrix, E. (2019, December 19). HOW YOUR SURROUNDINGS AFFECT THE WAY YOU STUDY. Retrieved Feb 2, 2022, from UCAS: https://www.ucas.com/connect/blogs/how-your-surroundings-affect-way-you-study
  • Hovdhaugen, E. (2015). Working while studying: The impact of term-time employment on dropout rates. Retrieved from https://www. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 13639080.2013.869311
  • Howey, S. C. (2012, November 20). Factors in Student motivation. Retrieved January 17, 2022, from Nacada Clearing House: https://nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Motivation.aspx#:~:text=Several%20specific%20motivational%20factors%20have,Efficacy%20for%20Learning%20and%20Performance.
  • Huppke, R. (2013, January 14). Do emotions have a place in the office? Retrieved from Chicago Tribune: https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/careers/ct-biz-0114-work-advice-huppke-20130114-column.html
  • Iftikhar, S. (2014). The importance of Metacognitive Strategies to Enhance Reading Comprehension Skills of Learners: A Self-directed Learning Approach. Journal of English Language and Literature, 191.
  • (2021, June 10). Decision-Making Skills: Definition and Examples. Retrieved from Indeed: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/decision-making-skills
  • (2021, November 5). The Importance of Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace. Retrieved from Indeed: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/emotional-intelligence-importance
  • Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation: Examples and difference. (2021, September 29). Retrieved April 2022, 2022, from AttendanceBot Blog: https://www.attendance.com/blog/intrinsic-vs-extrinsic-motivation/amp/
  • Jaggars, S. S. (2016). How do online course design features influence student performance? Computers and Education. 270-284. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.01.014
  • Jan, H. (2017). Teacher of 21st Century: Characteristics and Development. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 50-54.
  • asia. (n.d.). Judgment and Decision-Making – Employment Skill. Retrieved from Jobandwork.asia: https://jobandwork.asia/corporate/10-social-skills/judgment-and-decision-making/
  • John R. Anderson, L. M. (1995). Situated Learning and Education. Research Gate.
  • Jones, S. H. (2015). Hot factors for a cold topic: Examining the role of task-value, attention allocation, and engagement on conceptual change. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 42, 42-70.
  • Joshua Stern, P. (n.d.). Introduction to Online Teaching and Learning. Retrieved from https://www.wlac.edu//online/documents/otl.pdf
  • Ju, S. Z. (2017). Self-determination and academic success of students with disabilities in postsecondary education. Journal of Disability policy studies, 180-189.
  • Kapon, S. L. (2018). Disciplinary authenticity and personal relevance in school science . Wiley Online Library, 1077-1106.
  • Karen Aldrup, B. C. (2020). Measuring Teachers’ Social-Emotional Competence: Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test. Frontiers, 1-6.
  • Kavakci, O. S. (2014). Test anxiety prevalence and related variables in the students who are going to take the university entrance examination. Dusunen Adem the Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences., 27 (4), 301- 307.
  • Klassen, L. B. (2020). Smart teachers, successful students? A systematic review of the literature on teachers’ cognitive abilities and teacher effectiveness. Elsevier, 1-3.
  • Kok Siang TAN, C. Y. (2013). Teaching school science within the cognitive and affective domains. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching.
  • Kraus, J. (2018, August 9). 4 Motivators for Productivity and the Science Behind Them. Retrieved Jaunary 30, 2022, from Zapier: https://zapier.com/blog/science-of-motivation/
  • Kuddus, D. K. (2018). Emerging Technologies and the Evolving Roles of Language Teachers: An Overview. Language in India, 81-82.
  • Kurt, D. (2020, November 11). How Can We Align Learning Objectives, Instructional Strategies, and Assessments? Retrieved February 3, 2022, from Educational Technology: https://educationaltechnology.net/how-can-we-align-learning-objectives-instructional-strategies-and-assessments/
  • Lancaster, I. (2012). Why Intrinsic Motivation Is Important In Learning. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from Teach Thought: https://www.teachthought.com/learning/intrinsic-motivation/
  • Lazarowita, R. &. (2006). Research on using laboratory instruction in Science. Handbook of research on Science Teaching and Learning, 94-128.
  • LIbao, N. e. (2016). SCIENCE LEARNING MOTIVATION AS CORRELATE OF STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 209-218.
  • Liu, Y. H. (2020). Multiplicative effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance: A longitudinal study of Chinese students. Journal of personality, 88 (3), 584-589.
  • Lombardi, P. (2019). Instructional Methods, Strategies, Math and Technology to Meet the Needs of All Learners. Retrieved from https://granite.pressbooks.pub/teachingdiverselearners/
  • MAbas, J. (n.d). THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS. Retrieved from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/8704377/THE_IMPORTANCE_OF_INSTRUCTIONAL_MATERIALS
  • Manalo, M. &. (2021). Motivation and Job Performace of Non-Teaching Staff at Laguna State Polytechnic University. Industry and academic Research Review. Philippines: Institute of Industry and academic Research Incorporated.
  • Maranan, V. (2017). BASIC PROCESS SKILLS AND ATTITUDE TOWARD SCIENCE: INPUTS TO AN ENHANCED STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE.
  • Mathewson, T. G. (2019). How to Unlock Students’ Internal drive for learning. Hechinger Report.
  • Mauliya, I. R. (2020). LACK OF MOTIVATION FACTORS CREATING POOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF GRADUATE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS. Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, 73-85.
  • McCombes, S. (2020, September 3). Descriptive Research Design| Definition, Methods, and Examples. Retrieved January 2022, from Scribbr: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
  • McGuire, A. (2015). 21st Century Standards and Curriculum: Current Research and Practice. Journal of Education and Practice, 150-154 v6 n6.
  • McTighe , J. (2016). How will we evaluate student performance on tasks? (Part 6). Retrieved from Defined Learning: https://blog.performancetask.com/how-will-we-evaluate-student-performance-on-tasks-part-6-946c82deee02
  • Meadows-Fernandez, A. R. (2018, September 18). What is Extrinsic Motivation and is it effcetive? Retrieved February 2, 2022, from Healthline: https://www.healthline.com./health/extrinsic-motivation
  • Mete, P. (2021). The Mediating Role of Task Value in Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Approach Goals Orientations in Science. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8, 57-67.
  • Millar, R. (2004). The role of practical work in the teaching and learning of science, 18-20.
  • Miller, L. (2021, June 15). Better Up. Retrieved from https://www.betterup.com/blog/cognitive-flexibility#:~:text=Cognitive%20flexibility%20is%20important%20both,and%20improve%20your%20cognitive%20function.&text=Without%20mental%20flexibility%2C%20you’d,brain%20from%20situation%20to%20situation
  • (2019, July 6). 5 Steps to Implementing an Innovation Mindset in Your Business. Retrieved from MJV: https://www.mjvinnovation.com/blog/innovation-mindset-in-your-business/
  • Morris S. S. S. Tumanduk, R. S. (2020). The Influence of Teacher Readiness to Learning Achievement of Vocational High School Students in South Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 481-482.
  • Muncaster, P. (n.d.). Digital literacy in the workplace: What it is and Why it matters. Retrieved from Verizon: https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/articles/s/how-digital-literacy-in-the-workplace-impacts-business/
  • Murphy, S. (2005). Changing perspectives in professional development. Science Educator. 9-15.
  • Murugan, A. &. (2013). Students’ Perceptions of Mathematics Classroom Environment & Mathematics Achievement: A Study in Sipitang, Sabah, Malaysia. Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Science Research. Penang, malaysia.
  • Musasia, A. O. (2016). Physics Practical Work and Its Influence on Students’ Academic Achievement. Journal of Education and Practice. 130.
  • Mustika Rosdiana, S. S. (2019). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 4214th International Conference on Arts Language and Culture (ICALC 2019. Implementation of 21st Century Learning Through Lesson Study, 346-347.
  • O’Hara, S. P. (2019). Teaching with and for Metacognition in Disciplinary Discussions. Intech Open.
  • Odeh, R. C. (2015). Influence of School Environment on Academic Achievement of Students in Secondary Schools in Zone “A” Senatorial District of Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 6, 4914-4922.
  • Oluoch, J. N. (2018). Test anxiety beliefs as predictor of students’ achievement in chemistry in public secondary schools in Kenya. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 8 (4), 70-76.
  • Omodan, B. T. (2021). Managing the Culture of Covid-19 “New Normal” as a Motivation for University Students in South Africa. Research in Social Sciences and Technology , 37-51.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030. SKILLS for 2030, 3-7.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project background. 2-14.
  • Padmadewi, L. P. (2020). Teachers’ Readiness in Promoting 21st Century Skills in Teaching Students at a Bilingual Primary School. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 161-165.
  • Padmadewi, N. A. (2020). Teachers’ Readiness in Promoting 21st Century Skills in Teaching Students at a Bilingual Primary School. . Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research., 162.
  • Palomera, e. a. (2008). Emotional intelligence as a basic competency in pre-service teacher training: some evidence. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 442-443.
  • Panergayo, A. A., & Aliazas, J. V. (2021). Students’ Behavioral Intention to Use Learning Management System: The Mediating Role of Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 11(11), 538-545.
  • Petrus Ly, e. (2016). Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Learning Outcomes on Land Law Course vy Student of PPKN Nusa Cendana University. ICE (pp. 699-705). Indonesia: Universitas Negeri Malang.
  • Pintrich, P. R. (1991). A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Journal of Educational Psychology, 33-40.
  • Pozón-López, I. H.-C.-L.-C. (2020). Perceived user satisfaction and intention to use massive open online courses (MOOCs). Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 1-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-020-09257-9.
  • Pozón-López, I. H.-C.-L.-C. (2020). Perceived user satisfaction and intention to use massive open online courses (MOOCs). Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 1-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-020-09257-9.
  • Rana, R. A. (2015). MOTIVATION AND SCIENCE PERFORAMNCE: INFLUENCE ON STUDENT LEARNING IN SCIENCE. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334626138_MOTIVATION_AND_SCIENCE_PERFORAMNCE_INFLUENCE_ON_STUDENT_LEARNING_IN_SCIENCE
  • Rauf R.A.A., e. (2013). Inculcation of Science Process Skills in a Science Classroom. Asian Social Science, 9(8).
  • Relianisa, R. R. (2020, December 3). LACK OF MOTIVATION FACTORS CREATING POOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF GRADUATE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS. Linguists: Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, (6), No. (2); 2020(: 2656-5765), 73-85.
  • com. (2020, March 13). The Importance of Decision Making in the Workplace. Retrieved from resume.com: https://www.resume.com/career-advice/career-development/importance-of-decision-making/
  • Richman, E. R. (2014). Coaching and College success. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 27, 33-52.
  • Sahakian, L. L. (2021, June 25). Why is cognitive flexibility important and how can you improve it? Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/cognitive-flexibility-thinking-iq-intelligence/
  • SAHIN-TASKIN*, H. E.-A. (2017). Teachers’ Views of Social-Emotional Skills and Their Perspectives. International Knowledge Sharing Platform, 205-206.
  • SAHIN-TASKIN, H. E.-A. (2017). Teachers’ Views of Social-Emotional Skills and Their Perspectives. Journal of Education and Practice, 205-206.
  • Sánchez Rosas, J. (2015). he Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Argentine (AEQAR): Internal and external validity, reliability, gender differences and norm-referenced interpretation of test scores. Evaluar, 15, 41-74.
  • Sanli, C. (2021). The Relation between Task Value, Test Anxiety and Academic Self-Efficacy: A Moderation Analysis in High School Geography Course. Participatory Educational Research, 265-278.
  • Schmidt, J. K. (2019). Why are we learning this?Using mixed methods to understand teachers’ relevance statements and how they shape middle school students’ perceptions os science utility. Science Direct, 9-31.
  • Schwartz, P. A. (n.d.). It’s Called Onychophagia or Nail Biting. Retrieved from MentalHelp.net: https://www.mentalhelp.net/blogs/it-s-called-onychophagia-or-nail-biting/
  • Sennet, P. (2021, June 29). University of Rochester. Retrieved January 15, 2022, from Understanding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: https://www.rochester.edu/emerging-leaders/understanding-intrinsic-and-extrinsic-motivation/
  • Shishigu, A. (2018). Mathematics anxiety and prevention strategy: an attempt to support students and strengthen mathematics education. Mathematics Education Trends and Research, 1-11.
  • Simbulan, N. P. (2020, June 4). The Philippines – COVID-19 and Its Impact on Higher Education in the Philippines. Retrieved from The Head Foundation: https://headfoundation.org/2020/06/04/covid-19-and-its-impact-on-higher-education-in-the-philippines/
  • Siudad, R. J., & Aliazas, J. V. (2022). Learning Readiness and Level of Science Learning Outcomes in Modular Distance Modality. International Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, 2(4), 39-53.
  • Skoumios, Y. H. (2013). The development of environmental awareness through school science: Problems and possibilities . International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 405-426.
  • Solak, E. (2012). Exploring the Role of Motivational Factors in the Academic Exploring the Role of Motivational Factors in the Academic. ELT Research Journal, 1(4), 240-254.
  • Sorcinelli, M. (n.d.). Explained course material clearly and concisely. Retrieved from IDEA: https://www.ideaedu.org/idea-notes-on-instruction/explained-course-material-clearly-and-concisely/
  • Steinmayr, R. W. (2019, July 31). The Importance of Students’ Motivation for Their Academic Achievement – Replicating and Extending Previous Findings. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from Frontier in Psychology: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01730/full
  • Stella Vosniadou, I. D. (2021). Beliefs about the self-regulation of learning predict cognitive and metacognitive strategies and academic performance in pre-service teachers. Springer Link, 523–554.
  • Stenger, M. (2014). Why Curiosity Enhances Learning. Retrieved from Eutopia.
  • Stirling Institute of Australia. (2018). Retrieved from https://sia.edu.au/students-corner/benefits-of-practical-learning
  • Strakova, Z. (2015). The Perception of Readiness for Teaching Profession: a case of pre-service trainees Perception of Readiness for Teaching Profession: a case of pre-service trainee. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 1.
  • Stratton, S. (2021). Population Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374.
  • Stuckey, M. H. (2013). The meaning of ‘relevance’ in science education and its implications for the science curriculum. Studies in Science Education, 1-34.
  • Student lack Interest or Motivation. (2022). Retrieved April 11, 2022, from Eberly Center- Carnegie Mellon University: https://www.cmu.edu/teaching/solveproblem/strat-lackmotivation/index.html
  • Sumyadi, U. A. (2020). The Effect of Teacher Teaching Skills and Student Interest on History Learning Outcomes, 319-320.
  • Sunthorn Thienngam, A. P. (2020). Influence of Teachers’ Metacognitive Skills on Development of Early-Childhood Students, 19-21.
  • Syokwaa, K. A. (2014). The relationship between anxiety levels and academic achievement among students in selected secondary schools in Lang’ata District Kenya. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(3), 403-413.
  • Tadjer, Y. L.-B. (2018). What Are The Important Social Skills of Students in Higher Education?
  • Tan, M. T. (2016). Readiness and Preparation of Pre-ServiceTeachers on the K to 12 Program. International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, 13-14.
  • Teaching Style & Content Delivery. (n.d.). Retrieved from Center for Teaching & Learning: https://www.colorado.edu/center/teaching-learning/teaching-resources/course-design-development/teaching-style-content-delivery
  • Tebabal, J. &. (2011). The role of teacher’s initiation in online pedagogy‟. Education Training, 456-471.
  • Tessema, M. R.-C. (2012). Factors Affecting College Students’ Satisfaction with Major Curriculum. Intrnational Journal of Humanities and Social Science .
  • The Importance of Learning Science: Teaching Strategies dor Today’s Educators. (2022). Retrieved April 11, 2022, from Walden University: https://www.waldenu.edu/programs/education/resource/the-importance-of-learning-science-teaching-strategies-for-todays-educators
  • The Importance of Learning Science: Teaching Strategies for Today’s Educators. (n.d.). Retrieved from Walden University: https://www.waldenu.edu/programs/education/resource/the-importance-of-learning-science-teaching-strategies-for-todays-educators
  • Trombly, C. (2014). Schools and Complexity. An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 41.
  • Ubaidillah, F. (2017). 21st Century Learning Environment. Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 3-29.
  • Uddin, D. &. (2017, May 3). Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414037/
  • (2020). Education: From disruption to recovery. Retrieved from UNESCO: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
  • Usher, A., & Kober, N. (2021). Student Motivation: An Overlooked Piece of School Reform. Summary. 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW Suite 522, Washington, DC 20036.: Center on Education Policy.
  • Vahia, M. (2014). Why is science such a difficult subject? Retrieved from DNA: https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-why-is-science-such-a-difficult-subject-1920124
  • Vaughn-Furlow, B. (2017, December 9). Develop decision-making skills. Retrieved from Clarion Ledger: https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2017/12/09/develop-decision-making-skills/934228001/
  • Veerma, G. (2019). The Importance of a Positive Learning Environment. Retrieved from Linked in: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-positive-learning-environment-geeta-verma
  • Velayutham, S. J. (2012). Influence of Psychosocial Classroom Environment on Students’ Motivation and Self-Regulation in Science Learning: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Research in Science Education.
  • Victoria, K. (2018, December 29). What is Computational Thinking? Why thinking like a computer builds skills for success. Retrieved from Teach your Kids Code: https://teachyourkidscode.com/what-is-computational-thinking/
  • Vieyra R.E., W. C. (2020, September). Chapter 8 Scientific Practices and Intellectual Skills. Retrieved from AIP Publishing: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/9780735421967_008
  • Von der Embse, N. M. (2013). Latent profile analyses of test anxiety: A Pilot Study. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32(2), 165-172.
  • Waemusa, G. H. (2019). 21st Century Learning Skills and autonomy: Student’s perception of mobile devices in the hai efl context. Teaching English with Technology, 72-85.
  • Waldman, C. (2016, November 7). Four Elements for Creating a Positive Learning Environment; Avaialble at. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from All4Ed: https://all4ed.org/blog/four-elements-for-creating-a-positive-learning-environment/
  • What Are The Types Of Teaching Aids. (n.d). Retrieved from Digital Class.
  • Will J. Jordan, P. K. (2018, August). The Role of Pre-Service Experience and School Context in Urban Classrooms. Retrieved from William Penn Foundation: https://williampennfoundation.org/what-we-are-learning/teacher-preparation-and-quality
  • Wood, R. (2019). Students’ motivation to engage with science learning activities through the lens of self-determination theory: Results from a single-case school-based study. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, science& Technology education, 15 (7), 1-22.
  • Xiaoqing Tang, Y. L. (2019). Character Strengths Lead to Satisfactory Educational Outcomes Through Strength Use: A Longitudinal Analysis. frontiers in Psychology, 1-2.
  • (n.d.). Organizing Your Course to Facilitate Student Learning. Retrieved from Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning : https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/OrganizingYourCourse
  • Yong, C. S. (2013). Secondary School Students’ Motivation and Achievement in Combined Science. US-China Eduation Reviewb B, 213-228.
  • Young K. Kim, D. E. (2015). Cognitive Skills Development Among International Students at Research Universities in the United States. Journal of International Students, 527-528.
  • Yunos, M. (2015). Relations Student Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Learning English with 21st Century skills. Journal of Malay Language Education., 22-30.
  • (2021, May 18). How to Report Cronbach’s Alpha (With Examples). Retrieved from Statology: https://www.statology.org/how-to-report-cronbachs-alpha/