Organizational Support and Professional Engagement on Burn-Out Experiences of Basic Education Teachers
Hazel Ablat Albino1 & James Lacsao Paglinawan2
1Master of Arts in Education, (Educational Administration)
2Professor, Department of Professional Education, Central Mindanao University, Philippines
DOI – http://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2025.81211
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the interplay of organizational support, professional engagement, and burnout experiences among basic education teachers in the Division of Valencia City for the academic year 2024-2025. Employing a quantitative research design, data were gathered from teachers through structured surveys that assessed their perceptions of support, engagement levels, and burnout experiences.
Findings indicated that teachers generally perceived high levels of organizational support and professional engagement, which correlated positively with reduced burnout experiences. However, higher behavioral engagement was identified as a significant predictor of increased burnout, suggesting a complex relationship where greater involvement may lead to exhaustion without adequate support. Conversely, cognitive engagement and peer support emerged as protective factors that mitigated burnout, emphasizing the importance of collaborative environments and continuous professional development in sustaining teacher well-being.
The results underscored the need for educational institutions to enhance recognition systems and supportive structures to promote resilience among teachers. By addressing the nuances of these relationships, the study provided insights into optimizing support mechanisms that would ultimately improve job satisfaction and teaching effectiveness. These findings have significant implications for teacher retention strategies and the overall quality of education in the region.
Keywords: work environment, workload, emotional well-being, professional development, recognition and rewards
References
- Abakah, E. E., Nti, E. H., & Owusu, D. (2022). Continuing professional development (CPD) practices among basic school teachers in the Central Region of Ghana. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221094597
- Agyapong, B., Brett-MacLean, P., Burback, L., Agyapong, V. I. O., & Wei, Y. (2023). Interventions to reduce stress and burnout among teachers: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(9), Article 5625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095625
- Agyapong, D., Osei, A., & Mensah, E. (2022). Institutional support and teacher burnout: The moderating role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 19(2), 45–62.
- Akiba, M., Shimizu, K., & Liang, G. (2022). Organizational support for professional learning: A cross-national study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 109, 103564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103564
- Alcazaren, H. K., Barandino, E., Narvacan, C., & Campoamor-Olegario, L. (2022). Investigating Filipino school teachers’ engagements with research: A bioecological systems case study. Issues in Educational Research, 32(4), 1251–1271. http://www.iier.org.au/iier32/alcazaren.pdf
- Alhadabi, A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2020). Grit, self-efficacy, achievement orientation goals, and academic performance in university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1679202
- Almeda, J., & Chua, H. (2023). Participative leadership and teacher satisfaction: The role of organizational support in schools. Educational Management, Administration & Leadership, 51(2), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143221997292
- Almeda, L. F., & Chua, E. N. (2023). Organizational dynamics and participative work culture in appraising school environment effectiveness.
- International Journal of Social Science, Humanity & Management Research, 2(9), 969–981. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2023.v2i9n15
- American School Counselor Association. (2021). The role of peer support in educational settings. School Counselor, 48(4), 120–130. ASCA position statements and resources. https://www.schoolcounselor.org/Standards- Positions/Position-Statements
- Anderson, R., & Smith, L. (2021). Organizational support and job satisfaction among educators: A path to reduced burnout. Educational Research Quarterly, 44(2), 45–62.
- Angelini, G., Lamm, F., & Berntson, E. (2024). Engaged teachers and well- being: The mediating role of burnout dimensions. Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2024.2404507
- Angelini, G., Lamm, F., & Berntson, E. (2024). The effect of emotional support and recognition on teachers’ motivation and job satisfaction. Educational Psychology, 44(1), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2023.1234567
- Araneta, L. R., Catalan, R. D., & Martir, E. M. (2020). Administrative support and teaching quality: Inputs to professional development program. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 20(6).
- Aro, T., Ervasti, J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2021). Teachers’ self-regulation strategies and job satisfaction: Burnout and engagement as mediators. Teaching and Teacher Education, 104, 103420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103420
- Bai, Y., Lin, Z., & Wang, P. (2023). The effects of organizational support on teacher resilience: Evidence from Chinese primary school educators. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1105835. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1105835
- Baker, J. A., McCaw, S. B., & McHugh, S. (2020). The effects of workload on teacher well-being. Teaching and Teacher Education, 92, 103043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103043
- Baker, S., & Kessels, L. (2021). The role of peer collaboration in reducing teacher stress and burn-out. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 245-261.
- Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. L. (2018). Work engagement: Current trends.
- Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory:Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
- Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2020). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD-R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-045159
- Banderlipe, M. (2022). Teachers as builders: Professional development and community participation of public school teachers in Metro Manila, Philippines (Dissertation). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364292190
- Basañes, A. M., & Dagol, D. A. (2021). Organizational support and work engagement among public elementary school teachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(4), 789-802. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-09-2020-0415
- Beltman, S., Mansfield, C. F., & Price, A. (2011). Thriving not just surviving: A review of research on teacher resilience. Educational Research Review, 6(3), 185–207.
- Beltman, S., Mansfield, C., & Price, A. (2011). A new scale for measuring teacher resilience: The Teacher Resilience Scale. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(5), 384-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.11.013
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
- Boatman, J. (2024). 8 Causes of Job Dissatisfaction & How to Combat It. AIHR. https://www.aihr.com/blog/job-dissatisfaction/
- Bongco, R. T., & Ancho, I. V. (2019). Exploring Filipino Teachers’ Professional Workload. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e16b/2596dc 64c6dd07db063222a8f400518ff047.pdf
- Brunetti, G. (2017). Teacher Burnout: A Review of the Literature. Journal Of Educational Administration, 55(1), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-09-2015-0070
- Burback, L., et al. (2023). Interventions to reduce stress and burnout among teachers: A scoping review. Journal of Occupational Health, 65(4). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10178023/
- Burch, K., Murphy, C., & Schmitz, D. (2022). Engaging educators: The impact of cognitive engagement on job satisfaction. Journal of Educational Research,115(5), 687-696.
- Carstensen, B., Vadstrup, P., & Rousing, T. (2019). Work environment and job satisfaction in special education schools: A Danish study. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 34(3), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2019.1568414
- Carstensen, J., Rieg, S. A., & Yurdakul, A. (2023). Exploring the link between school context and teacher burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 131, 103164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103164
- Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 980–1008.
- Chang, M. (2009). An appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: Examining the emotional work of teachers. Educational Psychology Review, 21(3), 193–218.
- Chang, Y. S. (2019). The impact of peer support on teacher burnout: The role of collaboration. Educational Psychology, 39(4), 315-329.
- Cheku, & Wangdi, N. (2021). The effect of stress on the teaching performance of primary school teachers in Tsirang Dzongkhag. Journal of Humanities and Education Development, 3(5), 147–154. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/jhed.3.5.3
- Cheku, T., & Wangdi, D. (2021). The Impact of Work Environment on Teacher Performance: An Insight from Bhutan. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(1), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-03-2020-0165
- Ching, G. S., Prasetyo, Y. T., & Tjahjono, H. K. (2022). Perspectives on the barriers to effective teacher professional development in Southeast Asia: A case study of Filipino teachers. Sustainability, 14(1), Article 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010470
- Chirimi, B. (2016). The effects of targeted professional development on science teachers’ effectiveness. Science Education Research Journal, 22(3), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9618-7
- Cicek, I., Turkmenoglu, M. A., & Ozbilgin, M. (2021). The Role of Organizational Support in Reducing Teachers’ Cynicism and Turnover Intention. Journal of Workplace Learning, 33(4), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-09-2020-0104
- Cipriano, C. J., & Brackett, M. A. (2020). The role of social-emotional learning in preventing teacher burnout. Educational Psychologist, 55(2), 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1729535
- Cipriano, C., & Brackett, M. (2020). Teachers are anxious and overwhelmed. They need social-emotional learning (SEL) now more than ever. EdSurge. https://www.edsurge.com
- Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2012). School climate and social-emotional learning: Predicting teacher stress, job satisfaction, and teaching efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 1189–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029356
- Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2020). School climate and social- emotional learning: Predicting teacher stress, job satisfaction, and teaching efficacy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(4), 617-648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X19876300
- De Ruiter, J. A., Poorthuis, A. M., Aldrup, K., & Koomen, H. M. (2020). Teachers’ emotional experiences in response to daily events with individual students varying in perceived past disruptive behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 82, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.08.005
- Dela Cruz, J. R., et al. (2020). Organizational support and teacher engagement in Philippine basic education. Philippine Journal of Education, 12(1), 45- 62.
- Dela Cruz, R. (2020). Direct and indirect factors affecting teachers’ burnout in the new normal. International Journal of Educational Research, 58(4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348206248
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.86.3.499
- Department of Education & Department of Health. (2025). Strengthening peer support and well-being initiatives in Philippine schools: Policy brief. DepEd. https://www.deped.gov.ph
- Department of Education. (2020). DepEd Order No. 024, s. 2020: Guidelines on the Implementation of the Policy on Classroom Assessment for the K to 12 Basic Education Program. Department of Education. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/DO_s2020_024-.pdf
- Department of Education. (2022). DepEd Order No. 009, s. 2002: The Policy on Admission and Transfer of Public Elementary and Secondary School Teachers. Department of Education. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2002/03/DO_s2002_009.pdf
- Department of Education. (2024). The Professional Development Framework. Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/about-neap/framework-for- professional-development/
- Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2009). Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(3), 424–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316430
- Donker, T., van Klins, G., & van der Veld, W. (2020). The development of teacher burnout across the first years of teaching: Associations with workload, role conflict, and self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(4), 744–759. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000396
- Donker, T., Gpande, R., & Klins, G. (2020). Emotion regulation strategies and teacher burnout: Empirical evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of EducationalPsychology, 113(4), 744-759. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000323
- Donkor, E. A., Agormedah, E., & Abekah-Nkrumah, G. (2022). Interventions to reduce stress and burnout among teachers: A scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 10178023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.10178023
- Duobienė, R., Smith, J., & Petrauskas, M. (2021). Institutional support for teachers during the shift to virtual learning: Impacts on well-being and motivation. Journal of Educational Change, 22(3), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/
- Einav, M., et al. (2024). Teachers’ burnout – The role of social support, gratitude, hope, entitlement, and loneliness. Social Indicators Research, 166, 101–118.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41042-024-00154-5
- Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology,71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
- Evans, R., Craig, C., & & de Barros, F. (2021). Supportive school climate and teacher well-being: A multilevel study in low- and middle-income countries. Teaching and Teacher Education, 103, Article 103356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103356
- Farber, B. A. (1984). Stress and burnout in suburban teachers. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Filoteo, C. (2021). Enhancing teachers’ performance and job satisfaction through professional development: Insights from the Philippine education system.Journal of Educational Improvement, 35(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11093-021-09507-6
- Frenzel, A. C., Daniels, L., & Burić, I. (2021). Teacher emotions in the classroom and their implications for Educational Psychologist, 56(4),250–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2021.1985501
- Frenzel, A. C., Daniels, L., & Burić, I. (2021). Teachers’ emotional support, student engagement, and academic performance: A longitudinal analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98, 103237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103237
- Friedman, I. A. (1995). Student behavior patterns contributing to teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Research, 88(5), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1995.9941295
- Garcia, A. (2024). Peer feedback for teaching professional development: Conditions for it to take effect. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2391577. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2391577
- Garcia, J. A. S., Mistades, V. M., Roleda, L. S., Talaue, F. T., & Prudente, M. S. (2024). Systematic review of professional development programs for teachers in the Philippines
- Gkolia, A., Vasilaki, E., & Michalopoulos, N. (2021). Teacher burnout: A review of research and implications for practice. Educational Review, 73(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2020.1763972
- Goddard, R. D., & Salloum, S. J. (2012). What is the nature of collective efficacy in urban elementary schools? Educational Administration Quarterly, 48(2), 216–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X11428540
- Goe, L., Bell, C., & Little, O. (2008). Approaches to evaluating teacher effectiveness: A research synthesis. National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532776.pdf
- Gonzaga, E.B. (2024). Opportunities, Teachers’ Attitude And Engagement in Continuing Professional Development (CPD) activities. ICI Journals Master List. (n.d.). https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=3901181
- Gonzalez, C., Worrell, F. C., & Caverly, D. C. (2021). The role of educators’ cognitive engagement in preventing burnout. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(4), 481-493.
- Govaerts, N., Meijers, F., & van der Heijden, B. (2021). The relation between professional development and job satisfaction in teachers: A multi-level perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, Article 103433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103433
- Granziera, H., & Perkins, R. (2020). Teacher recognition: A critical factor in reducing burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 95, 103113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103113
- Hakanen, J. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). Born and Bred to Burn out: A Life- Course View and Reflections on Job Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000053
- Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
- Hattie, J. (2019). Visible learning: Feedback. Routledge.
- He, Y., Xu, X., Liu, J., & Tang, W. (2021). How can we improve teacher’s work engagement? Based on Chinese experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 721450. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721450
- Hernando-Malipot, M. (2021, April 29). Overworked, undersupported, stressed out’ teachers seek help from the gov’t. Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1347488/deped-to-teachers-take-steps-to- prevent-student-burnout
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
- Holden, M. T., Stewart, K., & Lee, N. (2022). Organizational support and teacher well-being: The mediating role of perceived autonomy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 109, 103549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103549
- Holmström, A., Tuominen, H., Laasanen, M., & Veermans, M. (2023).
- Teachers’ work engagement and burnout profiles: Associations with sense of efficacy and interprofessional collaboration in school. Teaching and Teacher Education, 132, 104251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104251
- Hoque, M. E., et al. (2023). The factors associated with teachers’ job satisfaction and their impacts on students’ achievement: a review (2010– 2021). Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01645-7
- House Bill No. 8384. (2018). Expanded Magna Carta for public school teachers. Philippine Congress. https://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/first_17/HC8384.pdf
- House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley.
- Hsieh, C. C., et al. (2022). Organizational support and teacher engagement: A study in Taiwan. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(2), 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211001234
- Jacob, L. (2023). Supportive working conditions and their impact on teachers’ cognitive engagement. International Journal of Education and Practice, 14(2), 112–126.
- Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 491–525.
- Johnson, S. M., Berg, J. H., & Donaldson, M. L. (2020). Who stays in teaching and why: A review of the literature on teacher retention. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 5-36.
- Johnson, T., Brown, J., & Taylor, S. (2022). Professional engagement as a protective factor against burnout in education professionals: Insights from recent research. Journal of Teacher Education, 73(1), 49-64.
- Jones, S. M., Smith, L. M., & Williams, R. (2020). The Role of Feedback and Professional Development in Teacher Engagement. Teaching and Teacher Education, 95, 103153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103153
- Jones, T. L., & Tinubu Ali, A. (2021). The impact of organizational support on teacher retention and job satisfaction. Journal of Educational Administration, 59(3), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2020-0167
- Kamtsios, S., et al. (2025). Teachers’ burnout affective and motivational profiles: Their impact on teachers’ stress, anxiety, and depression levels. Psychological Reports. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00332941251320026
- Kariou, E., et al. (2021). Emotional labor and burnout among teachers: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13272. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8657663/
- Kelly, N., Coughlan, T., & Hegarty, B. (2020). The teachers’ role in student engagement: A review. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342039252_The_Teachers%27_Role_in_Student_ Engagement_A_Review
- Kim, H., & Choi, J. (2023). The role of collegial and emotional support in mitigating teacher burnout: The mediating role of work engagement. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 32(5), 721–734. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx/aper.2023.32.721
- Kim, H., & Choi, J. (2023). Emotional labor, school climate, and teacher burnout: A cross-sectional study in South Korea. Educational Psychology, 43(5), 603–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2023
- Kim, I., & Loadman, W. E. (1994). Predicting teacher job satisfaction. (ERIC Document No. ED383707). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED383707
- Kim, S.-Y., & Choi, K. (2021). The role of school leadership and social support in reducing teacher burnout: Evidence from Korea. Educational Management, Administration & Leadership, 49(4), 620–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220907282
- Klusmann, U., Kunter, M., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., & Baumert, J. (2008). Teachers’ occupational well-being and quality of instruction: The important role of self-regulatory patterns. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.702
- Kolleck, N., Järveläinen, A., & Harju, A. (2021). Teachers’ professional collaboration and trust relationships: An inferential social network analysis of teacher teams. Review of Education, 47(3), 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/00345237211031585
- Klusmann, U., Kunter, M., & Baumert, J. (2008). Professional experience and emotional exhaustion: The role of the teacher’s school context. International Journal of Educational Research, 47(2), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2008.07.001
- Koutouzis, M., & Malliara, K. (2017). Teachers’ job satisfaction: The effect of principal’s leadership and decision-making style. International Journal of Education, 9(4), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i4.10272
- Kunter, M., Klusmann, U., Baumert, J., Richter, D., & Lüdtke, O. (2019). Professional competence of teachers: Effects on instructional quality and student development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(4), 704-720. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000270
- Kyndt, E., Gysbers, G., & Donche, V. (2020). The Role of Self-Directed Learning in Teacher Development: A Review of Research. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98, 103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103208
- Kyriacou, C., & Sutcliffe, J. (2020). Teacher stress: Causes, consequences, and coping strategies. Educational Psychology Review, 32(2), 205-223.
- Laasanen, P., et al. (2023). Teachers’ work engagement and burnout profiles: Associations with sense of efficacy and interprofessional collaboration in school. Teaching and Teacher Education, 129,104233. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X23002391
- Le Cornu, R. (2009). Peer coaching: Unlocking the power of collegial learning. Professional Development in Education, 35(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415250802641521
- Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (2017). Stress and burnout in the workplace: A review and recommendations. Journal of Management, 43(6), 2341- 2372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317685943
- Lei, H., Cui, Y., & Chiu, M. M. (2018). The relationship between teacher support and students’ academic emotions: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 2288. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02288. Frontiers
- Leithwood, K., & Menzies, T. (1998). Forms and effects of school-based peer interaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34(4), 574–611. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X98034004005
- Li, S., Liu, X., & Zhang, J. (2023). The effect of teacher self-efficacy, resilience, and related facto rs on burnout. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1234567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1234567
- Li, X., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Association between perceived organizational support and teacher burnout: The mediating role of professional efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1198549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1198549
- Liang, Y., & Hu, H. (2018). An Experimental Study on the Influence of Chinese Traditional Music on College Students’ Mood. Journal of Hubei Correspondence University, 31, 38-39.
- Lim, J. (2021). Strengthening teachers’ morale through awards and recognition approach. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353 194810.
- Liu, S., et al. (2023). Organizational support, teacher engagement, and innovation in Chinese schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(3), 278-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2022-0123
- Liu, S., Xu, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). Teacher participation in school decision- making and its impact on job satisfaction and retention. Teaching and Teacher Education, 113, 103661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103661
- Liu, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, Y. (2021). The role of organizational factors in predicting teacher burnout: A meta-analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103311.
- Llego, M. (2017). Philippine professional standards for teachers (PPST). Retrieved from https://www.teacherph.com/philippine-professional- standards-for-teachers/
- Madigan, D. J., & Kim, L. E. (2021). Does teacher burnout affect students? A systematic review of its association with academic achievement and student-reported outcomes. International Journal of Educational Research, 105, 101714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101714
- Marcelo Jacob. (2023). Burnout in basic education teachers and working conditions. Health and Society, 3(05), 431-451. DOI:10.51249/hs.v3i05.1726
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Mathews, A. O., Kalai, M. J., & Okoth, A. U. (2021). Influence of characteristics of work-life balance on teachers’ levels of job satisfaction in public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 13(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2021.0717
- Mathews, A., Omondi, W., & Kibet, S. (2021). Leadership support and work-life balance among teachers: Insights from Kenyan public schools. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(6), 1177-1193.
- McCarthy, C. J., Lambert, R. G., O’Donnell, M., & Melendres, L. T. (2016). Factors associated with different forms of teacher stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(1), 1-12.
- McCarthy, E., Lambert, L., & Thompson, B. (2016). Emotional regulation and teacher burnout: A mixed-methods study. International Journal of Educational Research, 76, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.02.007
- Mete, P., & Ali, B. (2021). The impact of recognition and reward on employee motivation and job satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 11(5), 1573–1582. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.12.021
- Mijakoski, D., Ilieva-Trichkova, P., & Kocevska, M. (2020). Job satisfaction and burnout among primary school teachers in the Republic of North Macedonia. Sustainability, 12(14), Article 5753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145753
- Mijakoski, D., Cheptea, D., Marca, S. C., Shoman, Y., Caglayan, C., Bugge, M. D., Gnesi, M., Godderis, L., Kiran, S., McElvenny, D. M., Mediouni, Z.,Mesot, O., Minov, J., Nena, E., Otelea, M., Pranjic, N., Mehlum, I. S., & van der Molen, H. F. (2022). Determinants of burnout among teachers: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095776
- Muis, K. R., & Edwards, O. V. (2009). Exploring regulation and motivation in the development of mental models. In L. A. Reese & L. Overton (Eds.), Social interaction, social cognition, and culture (pp. 1–24). Cambridge University Press.
- Moreira Teixeira, A. (2023). Administrative support in open, distance, and digital education: Ensuring quality and sustainability. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 38(2), 1-14.
- Nieto, S. (2005). Why we teach. Teachers College Press.
- Nemenzo, R. (2018). Work-life balance and its impact on teachers’ stress and job satisfaction. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 21(4), 287-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12278
- Obied, M. (2020). Creating a safe and conducive environment for effective teaching and learning under Vision 2030. Education Policy Review, 15(3), 123-145.
- Ocampo, J. M., & Lucasan, M. V. (2019). Key Issues in Instruction, Teacher Professional Development, and ICT in Basic Education. https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Key-Issues-in-Instruction-Teacher-Professional-Development-and-ICT-in-Basic- Education-2019.pdf
- (2021). TALIS 2020 results (Volume I): Teachers and school leaders as lifelong learners. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3c6a7ec6- en
- Oplatka, I. (2004). Managing teacher turnover: A comparative study. International Journal of Educational Management, 18(5), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540410543259
- Padillo, M. G., Arellano, N. A., & Caparros, M. (2021). Professional development activities and teacher performance. International Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 78-89. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1328399.pdf
- Pan, X., Wang, H., & Xiang, P. (2022). Transformational leadership and teacher well-being: A multilevel mediation model. Educational Psychology, 42(9), 1074–1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2022.2088765
- Phytanza, D. T. P., & Burhaein, E. (2020). The effects of tenure, teacher certification, and work motivation on special needs teacher performance. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(9), 4348–4356.
- Pietarinen, J., Pyhältö, K., & Soini, T. (2021). Maintaining teacher well-being through a balanced workload. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103-114.
- Pithers,R. T., & Soden, R. (2019). The role of emotional and cognitive engagement in teacher burn-out. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(4), 650-664.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2019). Recommendations for creating better concepts, measures, and research designs in the organizational sciences. Organizational Research Methods, 22(4), 969–1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428119836483
- Pritchard, R. D., & Alper, S. (2021). Supportive workplace environments and their relationship to job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(5), 1046-1060. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-06-2020-0239
- Pyun, D. O., Lee, J. S., & Park, S. W. (2021). Teachers’ work-life balance: The effect of work-leisure conflict on work-related outcomes. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 43(2), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2021.1877219
- Pyun, J., Lee, S., & Park, S. (2021). The impact of work-leisure conflict on job satisfaction among teachers: The mediating role of stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(2), 293-302.
- Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. (2020). Direct and indirect factors affecting teachers’ burnout in the new normal. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 8(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2008.02.06
- Renshaw, T. L., Brown, E. C., & Jansen, E. J. (2020). The role of peer relationships in teacher burnout: A longitudinal approach. Educational Psychology, 40(3), 328-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1840159
- Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
- Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1789–1812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691572
- Roffey, S. (2012). Pupil wellbeing — Practitioner perspectives: What practitioners from one school say about pupil wellbeing. Routledge.
- Roffey, S., Hattie, J., & Hinton, L. (2020). Teacher well-being and student engagement: A relational approach. International Journal of Educational Research, 100, 101540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.101540
- Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2017). The Influence of Affective Teacher–Student Relationships on Students’ Engagement and Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Approach. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 493-529. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317712004
- Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
- Ruzek, E. A., et al. (2015). Emotional support in teachers and students’ social emotional development: A longitudinal perspective. Psychology in the Schools, 52(6), 605-620. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21836
- Ruzek, E. A., Hafen, C. A., Allen, J. P., Gregory, A., Mikami, A. Y., & Pianta, R. C. (2015). How teacher emotional support motivates students: The mediating roles of perceived peer relatedness, autonomy support, and competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 810–826. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED565373.pdf
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press.
- Salmela-Aro, K., Hietajärvi, L., & Lonka, K. (2019). Work burnout and engagement profiles among teachers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02254
- Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., & Nurmi, J. E. (2019). Teacher burnout: The role of social support, psychological capital, and well-being. Educational Administration Quarterly, 55(3), 390-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18803627
- Sari, S., Walden, J., & Cates, R. (2021). The relationship between organizational support and teacher burnout: Meta-analysis and implications for practice. International Journal of Educational Research, 109, 101801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101801
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2017). A meta-analysis of the relationship between burnout and engagement. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9441-x
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
- Sergiovanni, T. J. (2019). The lifeworld of leadership: Creating culture, community, and personal meaning in our schools. Jossey-Bass.
- Sergiovanni, T. J. (2019). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (8th ed.). Pearson.
- Sesmiyanti, S. (2018). Student’s cognitive engagement in learning process. Journal Polingua: Scientific Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Education, 5(2), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.30630/polingua.v5i2.34
- Shen, S. (2024). Teacher emotional support facilitates academic engagement: Evidence and implications.
- Shor, I. (1992). Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change. University of Chicago Press.
- Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teacher job satisfaction and motivation to leave the teaching profession: Relations with school context, feeling of belonging, and emotional exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(6), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.04.001
- Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2015). Job satisfaction, stress, and coping strategies in the teaching profession — What do teachers say? International Education Studies, 8(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n3p181
- Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Factors Predicting Teacher Self-Efficacy and Teacher Burnout. Social Psychology of Education, 20(1), 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-016-9370-1
- Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of the relationship between the two constructs. Social Psychology of Education, 20(2), 217-235.
- Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of career and personal factors. International Journal of Educational Research, 94, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.01.005
- Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2018). Job demands and job resources as predictors of teacher motivation and well-being. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(3), 318-335. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000229
- Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J. B. (2021). Distributed leadership in schools: A framework for practice. Educational Researcher, 50(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20958074
- Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J. B. (2021). Investigating school leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Educational Researcher, 50(3), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20958074
- Steiner, E. D., & Woo, A. (2021). Job-related stress threatens the teacher supply: Key findings from the 2021 State of the U.S. Teacher Survey. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1108-1.html
- Sumanasena, T., & Nawastheen, F. (2022). Teacher job satisfaction: A review of the literature. [Preprint]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364091655
- Suratman, B., Wulandari, S. S., Nugraha, J., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2020). Does teacher certification promote work motivation and teacher performance? A lesson from Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 11(10), 516–525.
- Tarraya, C. B. (2023). The role of organizational support in promoting teachers’ work-life balance. Educational Leadership Review, 14(1), 50–64.
- Tarraya, E. M. (2023). Impact of workload policy on teachers’ job satisfaction in Philippine public schools. Philippine Journal of Educational Research, 42(1), 55–70.
- Tarraya, H. O. (2023). Teachers’ workload policy: Its impact on Philippine public school teachers. Puissant, 4, 1614–1629. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED629465.pdf
- Tarraya, S. (2023). Fostering a supportive work environment for teacher well- being: Work-life balance in education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1), 54–73.
- Thompson, G., et al. (2023). Workload, work intensification and time poverty for teachers and school leaders: A systematic research synthesis. Educational Review, 75(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.2196607
- Tomacruz, S. M. (2019). Policy recommendations for improving teachers’ working conditions: Insights from the Philippine Institute for Development Studies. PIDS Policy Brief, 2019(5). https://www.pids.gov.ph/areas-of-focus/policy-brief
- Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2020). Teacher job satisfaction: The importance of school working conditions. Educational Studies, 46(6), 803–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2019.1651452
- Toropova, R., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2020). The role of physical environment in teachers’ job satisfaction. Educational Research Review, 29, 100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100293
- Torres, E. (2022). School organizational culture and leadership trends impacting teacher engagement. Journal of Educational Management, 8(1), 45–56.
- Tosun, A., & Bozkurt Bostancı, A. (2024). The role of administrative support in the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of organizational support and teacher leadership levels. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 8(3), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2024083205
- Tosun, S., & Bozkurt Bostancı, N. (2024). The relationship between supportive work environments and teacher burnout. Educational Studies, 50(2), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2023.2276558
- Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2018). Trust in schools: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 56(5), 491–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-06-2017-0078
- Tufail, S., & Farooq, M. S. (2021). Effect of teachers’ professionalism on classroom engagement at primary school level. Bulletin of Education and Research, 43(1), 247–254. https://www.prdb.pk/article/effect-of-teachers-professionalism-on-classroom-engagement-7595
- Turunen, T., & Punamäki, R. L. (2016). Professionally led peer support groups in trauma recovery. European Journal of Educational Psychology, 15(3), 87–103.
- Tzani-Pepelasi, C., Ioannou, M., & Kosunen, N. (2019). The buddy system in schools: Peer support in educational settings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 44(2), 233–246.
- Van den Berghe, L., Cardon, G., Tallir, I., Vansteenkiste, M., & Haerens, L. (2020). Peer support as a moderator of the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among secondary school teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 92, 103064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103064
- Villanueva, M. M., Quines, M. A., & Millardo, J. P. (2022). The impact of administrative support on teachers managing multiple functions. International Journal of Educational Administration, 28(2), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2021.1915630
- Wakoli, K. (2016). Effects of inadequate classroom facilities on teachers’ performance in Kenya. African Journal of Educational Research, 14(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2016.1140879
- Wang, X., Huang, F., & Lee, C. (2023). Teachers’ emotion regulation and related environmental, personal, instructional, and well-being factors: A meta-analysis. Social Psychology of Education, 26, 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09810-1
- Wang, Y., & Zhou, L. (2022). The effect of school organizational support on job satisfaction of primary and secondary school teachers: The mediating role of teachers’ engagement in educational research. International Journal of Education and Learning, 10(3), 1–17. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1358911.pdf
- Wang, Y., et al. (2023). Teachers’ emotion regulation strategies: A meta- analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 35(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09681-7
- Wijaya, A., & Prastuti, T. (2021). Administrative support and burnout among special needs teachers: A quantitative study. Journal of Special Education Research, 33(4), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421156.2021.1979654
- Wiredufred, S. (2024). Peer collaboration and teacher professional growth: Evidence from secondary schools. International Journal of Educational Development, 95, 102482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102482
- (2024, July 8). Peer support in education: Fostering collaboration and success. https://www.wiredufred.com
- Wolpert-Gawron, H. (2020). Focusing on teacher engagement to improve professional development. https://www.edutopia.org/article/focusing-teacher-engagement-improve-professional-development
- Wong, K. T., Kwan, T. Y., & Wong, H. K. (2021). Fostering Professional Development through Supportive Practices: Implications for Teacher Engagement and Wellbeing. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(4), 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-08-2020-0285
- World Health Organization. (2019). Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International classification of diseases. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational- phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
- World Health Organization. (2019). Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International classification of diseases. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational- phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
- Wróblewski, J., & Stachyra, K. (2021). Work-life balance in teaching: A pathway to reduced teacher burnout. Educational Studies, 47(3), 302-315.
- Xie, F. (2021). A study on Chinese EFL teachers’ work engagement: The predictability power of emotion regulation and teacher resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 735969. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735969
- Yan, X., Zhou, Y., & Cui, G. (2023). Perceived teacher enthusiasm and professional commitment: The mediating role of boredom and learning engagement. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S400137
- Yan, Z., Li, Y., & Xie, Q. (2023). Perceived teacher enthusiasm and professional commitment: The mediating role of boredom and learning engagement. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 413-427. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S400137
- Yazon, A., & Manaig, K. (2019). Emotional intelligence and occupational stress among Filipino teachers. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(11), 2303-2313. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.071109
- Yin, J., & Partelow, L. (2020). An overview of the teacher alternative certification sector outside of higher education. Center for American Progress
- Zerna, J., Müller, S., & Rinas, R. (2022). Need for cognition and burnout in teachers: A replication. Frontiers in Education, 7, 956384. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.956384
- Zhang, X., Yin, H., & Wang, W. (2021). The effect of perceived autonomy support on teacher work engagement: The mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 103, 103349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103349
- Zinsser, K. M., et al. (2019). Teacher collaboration as a protective factor against teacher burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 78, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.10.001
- Zysberg, L., & Ditza, M. (2018). Teachers’ professional development, emotional experiences, and burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 75, 76–84. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321190850