Investigating Urbanization in Ancient Kashmir: A Study of Significant Archaeological Sites

Raj Kumar & Sonia Slathia
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, University of Jammu, India
DOI – http://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2025.81203

Abstract

This study investigates the process of urbanization in ancient Kashmir by analysing significant archaeological sites, including Semthan (Chakradhara), Narapura, Srinagari, and Huskapura (Ushkur). Semthan presents a continuous cultural sequence over five periods, revealing agricultural surplus, craft specialization, a monetized economy, and long-distance trade, culminating in monumental temple construction and social stratification indicative of urban development. The irrigation innovations by King Lalitāditya at Chakradhara enhanced agricultural productivity, thereby supporting population growth and urban expansion. Narapura, founded by King Nara, functioned as a fortified commercial hub with extensive trade networks and aesthetic urban features that reflected economic prosperity. Srinagar’s two foundations the ancient capital of Śrīnagarī at Pandrethan and the later Pravarapura (modern Srinagar) demonstrate urban continuity and strategic relocation driven by geographic and defensive considerations. Huskapura, established by the Kushana ruler King Huvishka, served as a gateway town controlling vital trade routes and exhibited religious pluralism through the coexistence of Buddhist and Hindu monuments. The archaeological remains at these sites collectively illustrate the emergence of complex urban centers characterized by specialized economies, monumental architecture, religious diversity, and strategic planning. These findings underscore Kashmir’s integration into broader cultural and trade networks and provide a nuanced understanding of its urban evolution in antiquity.

Keywords: Urbanization, Ancient Kashmir, Archaeology, Trade Networks, Monumental Architecture

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